Frankisk
After the Salian Franks settled in Roman Gaul roughly, present-day Franceits speakers in Picardy and Île-de-France were outnumbered by the local populace who spoke Proto-Romance dialects. However, many modern French words and place names, including the eventual country's name, "France", have a Frankish i. Germanic origin. France itself is still known in some languages by terms literally meaning the " Frankish Realm ".
Between the 5th and 9th centuries, Frankish spoken in Northeastern France, present-day Belgium, and the Netherlands is subsequently referred to as Old Dutchwhereas the Frankish varieties spoken in the Rhineland were heavily influenced by Elbe Germanic dialects and the Second Germanic consonant shift and would form part of the modern Central Franconian and Rhine Franconian dialects of German and Luxembourgish.
The Old Frankish language is poorly attested and mostly reconstructed from Frankish loanwords in Old Frenchand inherited words in Old Dutch, as recorded in the 9th to 12th centuries. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscriptionwhich may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish, though it is debated whether the inscription is written in Frankish, or Old Dutch.
Germanic philology and German studies have their origins in the first half of the 19th century when Romanticism and Romantic thought heavily influenced the lexicon of the linguists and philologists of the time, including pivotal figures such as the Brothers Grimm. As a result, many contemporary linguists tried to incorporate their findings in an already existing historical framework of " stem duchies " and Altstämme lit.
While this nomenclature became generally accepted in traditional Germanic philology, it frankisk also been described as "inherently inaccurate" as these ancient ethnic boundaries as understood in the 19th century bore little or limited resemblance to the actual or historical linguistic situation of the Germanic languages. Among other problems, this traditional classification of the continental West Germanic dialects can suggest stronger ties between dialects than is linguistically warranted.
The Franconian group is a well known example of this, with East Franconian being much more closely related to Bavarian dialects than it is to Dutchwhich is traditionally placed in the Low Franconian sub-grouping and with which it was thought to have had a common, tribal origin. In a modern linguistic context, the language of the early Franks is variously called "Old Frankish" or "Old Franconian" and refers to the language of the Franks prior to frankisk advent of the High German consonant shiftwhich took place between and AD.
After this consonant shift the Frankish dialect diverges, with the dialects which would become modern Low Franconian not undergoing the consonantal shift, while all others did so to varying degrees. The language spoken by the Franks was part of the West Germanic language group, which had features from Proto-Germanic in the late Jastorf culture c. The West Germanic group is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic.
While each had its own distinct characteristics, there certainly must have still been a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these dialects.
Ivano-Frankivsk - Wikipedia
In fact, it is unclear whether the West Germanic continuum of this time period, or indeed Franconian itself, should still be considered a single language or if it should be considered a collection of similar dialects. In any case, it appears that the Frankish tribes, or the later Franks, fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group, with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest still seen in modern "Frankisk"and frankisk Irminonic High German influences towards the southeast.
The scholarly consensus concerning the Migration Period is that the Frankish identity emerged during the first half of the 3rd century out of various earlier, smaller Germanic groups, including the SaliiSicambriChamaviBructeriChattiChattuariiAmpsivariiTencteriUbiiBataviand Tungri. It is speculated that these tribes originally spoke a range of related Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic.
івано-Франківська міська рада Ivano-Frankivsk Івано-Франківськ
Sometime in the 4th or 5th centuries, it becomes appropriate to speak of Old Franconian rather than an Istvaeonic dialect of Proto-Germanic. Very little is known about what the language was like during this period. One older runic sentence dating from around — AD is on the sword scabbard of Bergakker which is either a direct attestation of the Old Franconian language or the earliest attestation of Old Low Franconian Old Dutch language.
Another early sentence from the early 6th century AD that is also described as the earliest sentence frankisk Old Dutch as well is found in the Lex Salica. This phrase was used to free a serf :. During this early period, the Franks were divided politically and geographically into two groups: the Salian Franks and the Ripuarian Franks. The language or set of dialects spoken by the Ripuarian Franks are referred to just as Old Franconian dialects or, by some, as Old Frankish dialects.
However, as already stated above, it may be more accurate to think of these dialects not as early Old Franconian but as Istvaeonic dialects in the West Germanic branch of Proto-Germanic. At around the 5th century, the Franks probably spoke a range of related dialects and languages rather than a single uniform dialect or language. During the expansion into France and Germany, many Frankish people remained in the original core Frankish territories in the north i.
Politically, the Ripuarian Franks existed as frankisk separate group only until about AD, after which they were subsumed into the Salian Franks. The Franks were united, but the various Frankish groups must have continued to live in the same areas that they had lived in before unification, and to speak the same dialects as before. There must have been a close relationship between the various Franconian dialects.
There was also a close relationship between Old Low Franconian i. Old Dutch and its neighboring Old Saxon and Old Frisian languages and frankisk to the north and northeast, as well as the related Old English Anglo-Saxon dialects spoken in "frankisk" and eastern Britain. A widening cultural divide grew between the Franks remaining in the north and the rulers far to the south.
It is not known what they called their language, but it is possible that they always called it " Diets " i. The word Diets is cognate with the Old English word þēodisc which, likewise, meant both nation and speech.
Thia Frankisk Aldsido
However, sometimes reference is made to a transition from the language spoken by the Salian Franks to Old Dutch. The language spoken by the Salian Franks must have developed significantly during the seven frankisk from to AD. At some point, the language spoken by the Franks must have become identifiably Dutch. Because Franconian texts are almost non-existent and Old Dutch texts scarce and fragmentary, it is difficult to determine when such a transition occurred, but it is frankisk to have happened by the end of the 9th century and perhaps earlier.